Dialogue Activities for ESL Students

Exchange Activities for ESL Students Rehearsing exchanges is an incredible path for English understudies to test their abilities and build up a superior handle of the language. Exchanges are helpful for various reasons: Exchanges give models on which understudies can base their own conversations.Dialogues power understudies to concentrate on language creation such that causes them practice right usage.Student-made discoursed can be utilized to empower creativity.Dialogues can be utilized as a reason for tuning in to cognizance works out. Utilizing dialoguesâ to assist understudies with creating theirâ conversation skillsâ is aâ common practice in most English classes. There are various approaches to joining exchanges into study hall exercises. The recommendations beneath urge understudies to pretend and practice new tenses, structures, and language capacities. When understudies become acquainted with these new dialect components, they would then be able to utilize the discoursed as models to work on composing and talking all alone. Jargon Exercises Utilizing discoursed canâ help understudies become acquainted with standard recipes used to talk about various points. This is particularly useful while rehearsing new figures of speech and articulations. While these articulations may be straightforward all alone, presenting them through exchanges can help understudies quickly set up the new jargon as a regular occurrence. Partition understudies into sets and give each pair a theme to discuss. Challenge every understudy to consolidate a couple of given phrases or articulations into their exchange before time runs out. Hole Fill Exercises Discoursed are ideal for hole fill works out. For instance, take an example exchange and erase catchphrases and expressions from the content. Pick a couple of understudies to peruse the discourse to the remainder of the class, at that point request that different understudies fill in the missing words and expressions. You can likewise have understudies make their own example discoursed and test each other to perceive how well they can fill in the spaces. Discoursed for Role-Playing and Acting Having studentsâ write discoursed for short scenes or dramas causes them center around right articulations, examine language, and build up their composing aptitudes. When understudies have finished their contents, have them showcase their scenes and dramas for the remainder of the class. Exchange Dictations Have understudies compose test exchanges for well known TV shows, for example, The Simpsons or The Office. On the other hand, compose a content all together, and have every understudy be liable for a specific character. This activity concentrates on subtleties as the plot pushes ahead. Remembering Dialogs Have understudies remember basic discoursed as an approach to assist them with improving their jargon aptitudes. While antiquated, this sort of repetition work can assist understudies with building great propensities as their English aptitudes improve. Open-Ended Dialogs Make test exchanges that show the expressions of just a single speaker, at that point have understudies total the discoursed utilizing a rundown of reactions youve gave. Another variety is to give just the start or end of a sentence for every speaker. Finishing this sort of open-finished exchange can give a greater test to upper-level English students. Reproducing Scenes Have understudies re-make their preferred scenes from various motion pictures. Solicit a gathering from volunteers to showcase a scene before the class, at that point contrast their adaptation with the first.

Leadership and Management: a Comparative Essay Essay

Throughout the years there has been a ton of discussion on the similitudes and contrasts among the board and authority. Weathersby (1999) contended that â€Å"management is the designation of rare assets against an organization’s objective, the setting of needs, the plan of work and the accomplishment of results† while authority â€Å"focuses on the production of a typical vision†. Schruijer and Vansina (1999) recommended that administration is tied in with â€Å"doing things right† and authority is â€Å"doing the privilege things†. The two examinations seem to see the administration work as a regulatory job while putting the authority work as a visionary job. Locander, Luechauer, and Pope (2007) bolster this thought by contending that initiative resembles theater and that the pioneer is the obvious appearance of an organization’s or project’s achievement or disappointment. Along these lines, the person must connect with the devotees to have confidence in and accomplish an ideal result â€Å"By focusing on what individuals need and expect, and via scanning for answers for issues, the pioneer can act fittingly and satisfy the ideal role† (Locander, et. al, 2007). Lichtenstein, Bien, Marion, Seers, Orton, and Schreiber (2006) added a social measurement to their meaning of authority expressing that â€Å"leadership is a developing occasion, a result of social cooperations among agents†¦leadership rises through unique interactions†. Having experience with Communication Studies, I likewise take a gander at how connections influence the meaning of both initiative and the executives. Viable administration and the executives brings about the accomplishment of objectives; quality initiative and the executives manufactures and continues working connections during the time spent accomplishing those objectives. Having this understanding, I characterize initiative as making and keeping up connections so that it persuades individuals to accomplish individual and shared objectives. The board, thus, sustains those connections and scaffolds the vertical hole in hierarchical structure. â€Å"The basic asset of most organizations is not, at this point capital yet the individuals an organization recruits, propels and develops† (Karp, 2006). Great pioneers ought to rouse individuals to need to better themselves first and afterward utilize that regard to better their outer condition (for example the association or the main job). Chen (2006) states â€Å"Business is regularly a crazy ride of highs and lows. Along these lines it is not out of the ordinary that superior heads are progressively talented at rousing themselves as well as other people in testing situations†. Here, Chen implies a key factor in great authority and that is simply the leader’s regard. Malhotra, Majchrzak, and Rosen (2007) recommend that a pioneer is answerable for â€Å"articulating a dream for the group, discussing the vision with enthusiasm, setting an execution plan so the vision can be cultivated, framing alliances of devotees, adjusting others behind the vision, and molding a group culture by articulating working values†. All together for a pioneer to do the above-referenced things, the person in question must have high goo d norms and a constructive mental self portrait to correct such obligations. The Bible insists that great authority is established in high good guidelines. Diminish 3:8-11 peruses â€Å"Finally, [be ye] every one of one brain, having sympathy one of another, affection as brethren, [be] sad, [be] considerate: Not rendering fiendish for abhorrence, or railing for railing: however contrariwise favoring; realizing that ye are thereunto called, that ye ought to acquire a gift. For he that will cherish life, and see great days, let him shun his tongue malice, and his lips that they talk no cleverness: Let him shun insidious, and do great; let him look for harmony, and result it†. REFERENCES Chen, J. (2006). Global Corporate Highfliers: What Makes Them Tick. English Journal of Administrative Management, 52, 26-27. Karp, T. (2006). Changing Organizations For Organic Growth: The DNA of Change Leadership. Diary of Change Management, 6, 3-20. Lichtenstein, B., Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., Seers, An., Orson, J., and Schreiber, C. (2006). Multifaceted nature Leadership Theory: An Interactive Perspective On Leading In Complex Adaptive Systems. Rise: Complexity and Organization, 8, 2-12. Locander, W., Luechauer, D., and Pope, J. (2007). Initiative Is Like Theater. Showcasing Management, 16, 45-47. Malhotra, A., Majchrzak, An., and Rosen, B. (2007). Driving Virtual Teams. Foundation of Management Perspectives, 21, 60-70. Schruijer, S. what's more, Vansina, L. (1999). Administration and Organization Change: An Introduction. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 1-8. Weathersby, G. (1999). Initiative versus The board. The executives Review, 88, 5.

Study of gate control theory and pain essay

Study of gate control theory and pain essay The main principles of gate control theory All people know how to feel pain but they all feel frustrated to describe it. People really feel hard to describe the pain with words despite the fact they pain takes a part in each persons life. Needless to say that human ability to feel pain is a complex and very important mechanism of survival. Different people can feel the same pain different because the pain perception depends on their emotional stability, psychological condition, mood, and the experience with pain from their past. In 1965, the psychologist from Canada, Ronald Melzack and the physiologist from Great Britain, Patrick Wall created their theory that made a big influence on understanding of pain. Their theory made a real upheaval in pain exploring and explained all psychological and physical aspects of pain perception. According to this studying, pain signals go through a kind of “neurological gates” that situated at the spinal cord stage, and only after this the gates should define if these signals have to reach the human brain or not. So, when the gate opens, signals are provided to the brain, and we feel pain. If the gate closes, the signals are stopped and cannot go further, so we can feel pain less or it may disappear. With this theory, we can find a simple explanation why people can stop feeling pain after rubbing an injured area that causes pain. Pain management from the view of the theory This theory also suggested that peoples thoughts and emotions can has a great impact on the pain signal transmission, so the same level of pain could feel different by people with various moods and emotions. Some people who have chronic pain, are able to forget about their pain, especially when they are concentrated on some activities that fully involves them. In opposite, when these people are stressed, anxious or depressed, they may experience intense pain they feel hard to manage with. This is just because our brain sends signals that can decrease, enhance or stop the pain signals, depending on the emotional condition of the certain person. This can explain those phenomenons when a hypnotized person can be operated without anesthesia, so it means the hypnoses helps to close the gate and pain impulses cannot be transferred into the brain, and the person doesnt feel pain at all. If to tell about pain perception of people in various moods, its possible to say that those patients who feel nervous and fearful, will experience the highest level of pain compared to calm people that keep their emotions under control. For example, it explains why some small children afraid even slight manipulations like a simple injection that doesnt cause any pain to the calm person. Fear and tension cause more pain just because people in this condition are ready to expect a huge level of pain, thats why even small pain seems to them unbearable and nasty. Needless to say that any medical treatment is connected to the psycho social condition of the patient. Positive expectations of the treatment obviously have a healing effect that makes people feel better. The potential of expectations has been called as the “placebo effect” that describes a positive effects of the treatment that cannot be assigned to its physical action. For example, a patient that suffers with pain, may say he or she feels better after a placebo injection. It means the treatment goes only on the psychological level because a real painkiller wasnt used, but the patient thinks he got some medicine that will exactly remove the pain. So, if patients will be able to see their pain in terms of significance, and the doctors are successful in treating, it means that people would feel more calm and relaxed, so they wont suffer from pain so much and their psychological and physical condition will be much better. Its quite important for both patients and doctors to understand the connection between the level of pain and psycho physical condition of the person.

Theoretical Perspective As A Professional School Counselor

Theoretical Orientation Paper: Theoretical Perspective as a Professional School Counselor Introduction As a counselor, being aware of the theoretical approaches and which ones best suit your perspective on human nature, complications, and change for an individual is vital. Not only is understanding the approaches important, but the counselor’s own values and personal philosophy are equally fundamental for the counselor to do their job efficiently. This paper will cover multiple theories, such as solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), and person-centered therapy. These theories relate to my own viewpoints and attitudes. The view of human nature, the problems associated with human nature, the process of changing, and how I will use these theories in practice are the four main topics that will be discussed in the paper. These topics will also explain, in detail, the effectiveness of each theory and the counselor’s role. The Development of Human Nature/ Personality My particular perspective of human nature is that humans are molded by the world around them and it’s influences. We choose whether we do good or bad based upon our experiences. The connections, relationships, and everyday actions that humans choose to have are all based on events that have occurred throughout a person’s life. I believe that, while the direct environment and rearing that a human has will always be a part of that person’s life, it does not define them orShow MoreRelatedCounseling: Helping Clients Find Solutions Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals, a counselor and a client, with the aim of helping the client overcome a problem or reduce adversary/suffering .In this relationship, the assumption is that the client is in a problem and needs assistance, while the counselor is experienced and possesses unconditional positive regard to the client (Colin J. S Graham U. 1994).Therefore, counseling may also be regarded as a helping profession becau se it aims at helping the clients deal with the problems they face. The counselor is the personRead MoreA Interview With A Counselor Essay706 Words   |  3 Pagesattempting to locate a School Counselor to interview, I decided to interview a counselor at a local middle school located in Coal City, West Virginia. This interview will familiarize you with a School Counselor by the name of James Payne. You will gain a better understanding of his counseling history, his theory on counseling in a school system, the beliefs he expressed regarding the counseling profession and finally how he assists students on a daily basis. Professional History James Payne isRead MoreDiverse Nature of Psychology Essay1150 Words   |  5 Pagesthese subtopics affect my personal theoretical perspective. Lastly, it will discuss how my contribution of studying psychology will benefit society within my area of profession in which I hope to achieve in my near future. Theorists influence of Diversity and Major concepts within Psychology Diversity has a huge impact on psychology, such as perspectives, influences, and different concepts. Such as each theorist, have his or her own views and perspectives on psychology. For their differentRead MoreTheoretical Orientation At Your Field Placement959 Words   |  4 PagesHaving a theoretical orientation is important to our work with individuals, families and treatment groups because it is the framework that will guide our practice. Practitioners may sometimes lose focus of the goals while in session with clients, theoretical orientation helps us to get back on track because it is more structured and goal oriented. We will serve clients of different cultures and norms, backgrounds and environments. Theoretical orientations are just as diverse as our clients whichRead MoreREVIEW OF THE PROFILE OF CREATIVE ABILITIES Essay example1239 Words   |  5 Pages REVIEW OF THE PROFILE OF CREATIVE ABILITIES There are differences between Licensed Professional Counselor and Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. Testing is a large factor in accurately assessing the full scope of the assistance a client may new. Depending on the needs of the client the Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) could be a better fit. In considering the tests that exist, one sample population LMFT’s are likely to work with are children. Development is alwaysRead MoreGender Stratification : The Classification Of People Based On Their Biological Features984 Words   |  4 Pagesclass makes up about 25-30 percent of the population. It is composed of professionals such as doctors, lawyers and small successful business owners. 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My teacher, Ms.Read MorePsychology : Philosophy Of Psych2303 Words   |  10 PagesPhilosophy of Psych Introduction I clearly remember the day I decided I wanted to have a career in the field of psychology. I was a junior in high school, and I was sitting in my general psychology class. We were discussing the structure of the brain and what each region was responsible for. It was fascinating to me to learn about the different structures of the brain and how they directly relate to our behavior. I began to realize how powerful and influential the brain is, and how it can be utilizedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Academic Freedom764 Words   |  4 Pagesencourages the development of new knowledge, and supports research that might result in new discoveries in the future, by protecting researchers from intimidation or censorship. A particular research topic might seem to an observer pointless or far theoretical to produce anything useful, but that cant be proven until it is analyzed. The right to academic freedom doesnt require the university to financially support every bit of research that every fac ulty member wants to do -but it does ensure that theRead MoreThe Theory Of Counseling And Therapy Theories6153 Words   |  25 Pagesunderstanding human behavior and has unique implications. For example, the psychodynamic school aims to increase client’s abilities to exercise greater conscious control over their lives, in which analysis or interpretation of dreams can be a central part of therapy. The humanistic school emphasizes the better qualities of humankind and people’s abilities to develop their human potential. The cognitive behavior school broadens behavior therapy to incorporate the contribution of how people think to creating

Middle East and the Independence of Country States

In this essay I will discuss, with reference to the Middle East, the claim that â€Å"Independence removed one set of problems only to have them replaced with another.† In order to find out if that statement is true and if so, to what extent, I will examine several Middle Eastern states during the early period of their independence. I will study the problems that occurred after the Middle Eastern countries gained independence and evaluate whether those problems in fact had anything to do with the independence. Above mentioned claim does not just suggest that there were problems in newly independent states, – surely there is no country without problems – it proposes that the former problems that independency removed were replaced by others, therefore implying that those new problems were caused by independence, if not directly then at least indirectly by giving them space. However, I argue that even though it is clear that some new problems arose, they were mainly caused by other factors, such as the influence of the age of imperialism, discovery of oil, the founding of the Jewish state of Israel and superpower rivalry. Furthermore, the above mentioned claim’s usage of word ‘only’ implies that the overall result of independence was negative or neutral to the newly independent states. I argue that this understates the importance of the right of nations to self-determination. Independence undeniably advanced the right of nations to self-determination in the Middle East. It isShow MoreRelatedMiddle East Conflict Essay859 Words   |  4 Pagesarea known as the Middle East since shifts in global power over the years have affected the topography. 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Therefore, Turgut Ozal , who had the notion of liberal economy and free trade, was in the charge of the economy as the Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs. Thanks to his efforts, after 1981, the inflation was dropped, with beneficial relations with other countries, the export had been increased dramatically, the interaction with abroad gained much moreRead MoreUnited Arab Emirates : Vegas Of The Middle East1295 Words   |  6 PagesUnited Arab Emirates: Vegas of the Middle East When you think of history, you think of millenniums and centuries passed through time with experiences and tragic tales of the rising and falling of empires and civilizations. The United Arab Emirates has defied the odds of history. The UAE has embraced the western civilization approach of capitalism which contrasts to a traditional Middle Eastern country. The thriving nation of the UAE gained its independence from the United Kingdom in the earlyRead MoreThe Iranian Revolution Of Iran951 Words   |  4 PagesReza Shah Pahlavi, the population of Iran began widespread anti -Western demonstrations and strikes against the Shah’s government. Advocating for an independent culture from Western ‘colonial’ influence, an escape from the tyranny of the Shah, independence from non-believers, and a legal and societal union with Sharia Law, the Iranian Revolutionaries sought to make Iran a dominant force and cultural leader among its neighbors. Reaching its peak in the late 1970’s, the Shah was exiled at the end ofRead MoreWhat Were the Main Causes of British Decolonization After World War Two?1791 Words   |  7 Pagesoutside of the UK. By 1965, there were only 5 million people under British rule outside of the United Kingdom. Today, the British Empire only consists of minute islands spread around the globe. 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I will be specifically concentrating on the nations of India, Algeria, and Iran. In the wake of World War Two, the power of Asian nationalism was irrepressible. Many new nations emerged all throughout this massive

Columbian Exchange Europe and the Americas Free Essays

Sagar Shah Columbian Exchange: Europe and the Americas The Columbian Exchange was an impactful spread of culture, food and even frightening diseases between the Old World and the New World. This great exchange started after the accidental discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus. Originally, Columbus and his crew set on a journey to find a western sea route to China, India and the spice islands of Asia. We will write a custom essay sample on Columbian Exchange: Europe and the Americas or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, he found a whole new world in the western hemisphere that was eventually named â€Å"The New World†. The Columbian Exchange had lasting effects on both the Old World as well as the New World. The Columbian Exchange had several positive impacts, one of which was the introduction of new staple crops such as maize and potatoes to Europe. These staple crops and even some additional new foods such as capsicum pepper, plain vanilla and coca provided nutrients that the indigenous crops didn’t have. Europe also received quinine which was a medicine that helped deal with malaria. The Columbian Exchange also had a few negative impacts; the most devastating was the spread of diseases in the Americas that were brought from Europe. Diseases like smallpox, tuberculosis, and bubonic plague quickly transfused across the New World. Overall the Columbian Exchange had a more negative impact on the New World and a more positive influence on the Old World. One lasting impression the New World had on the Old World was the introduction of new crops and foods. One staple food that the Europeans brought back was maize. Maize was a success in Europe because it produces well in a variety of climates. Maize prospers in areas too dry for rice and too wet for wheat making it ideal to grow in many different climates (Crosby W. Alfred 2003). For this reason maize was very popular and adopted quickly. The potato also had a huge effect on the Old World. The potato contains large amounts of calories and nutrients due to the starch in it. The potato is able to sustain life better than any other food that is consumed (Davidson and Passmore, 1965, p. 285). Like maize, the potato can also be cultivated in a variety of climates making it ideal for Europeans to use (Crosby W. Alfred 2003). The first place the potato reached was Ireland. In fact the potato spurred a population growth in Ireland (Nunn and Qian 2009). The reason the potato became popular in Europe was because of the abundance of nutrients that it contains and because it can sustain lives all by itself which other crops cannot do. Even though potatoes and maize had a big impact on Europe, many other foods like capsicum peppers also had a positive impact on the Old World. Capsicum Peppers originated in Bolivia and southern Brazil. When the Europeans came to the Americas, the pepper migrated to Mesoamerica and the Caribbean (Andrews, 1992, 82-83). The capsicum peppers had reached Spain and Africa by 1453. It had also reached the East Indies by 1540 and India by 1542 (Andrews, 1992, 82-83). The capsicum pepper has also impacted many other countries. In Southeast Asia the capsicum pepper has been used in cuisines. Capsicum peppers are also very nutritious. They contain a good amount of vitamin A, vitamin B, and vitamin C. They also contain large amounts of iron and magnesium. Magnesium is essential because it spurs energy production and iron is important because it speeds up metabolism (Greger 1994). This shows how capsicum peppers that originated in the Americas came to big use in Europe making a positive impact on their society. Another food that had a positive impact on Europe was plain vanilla. Plain vanilla originated in Mexico, Central America, and South America. Plain vanilla comes from the plant Vanilla planifolia. The vanilla pods need to be fermented and it creates the chemical vanillin. The vanillin is the chemical that gives plain vanilla its scent and its distinct flavor (Rain, 1992, p. 37). Plain vanilla was first brought back to Spain when Cortez came to the Americas. It became very popular in a very short amount of time in Europe because factories were using the vanilla to flavor the chocolate. Like chocolate, vanilla too became a luxury that only the aristocrats could afford (Rain, 1992, p. 40). Vanilla was not only used for flavoring, it was also used for scents in perfumes and tobacco (Bruman, 1948, pp. 71-372). This is why plain vanilla grew so popular in the Old World. It’s great taste and smell made it appealing to many countries. Coca was another crop that benefited Europe. People of the Inca Empire first used coca leaves, where they chewed them during religious activities. The first Spanish settlers adopted this idea and brought back to Europe where it became popular. A w ell-known psychologist by the name of Sigmund Freud started chewing coca after he found out that coca increases stamina, creativity, and it decreases hunger (Hobhouse, 2005, pp. 10-313). After this was discovered, coca became extremely popular in Europe and it began to spread throughout the world. Foods were not the only positive things that helped the Europeans. A gift that the New World gave to the Old World was quinine. Quinine contains anti-malarial alkaloids, which come from the barks of cinchona trees. These trees grow in Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru (Brockway, 1979, p. 108). This medicine was helpful to the Europeans because it let them travel across the world and conquer lands without worrying about the threat of malaria. Even though the Columbian Exchange had an overall positive effect on Europe, it had a negative influence on the Americas. One disease that was brought to the New World was Smallpox. The smallpox virus is caused by Variola, which is closely related to cowpox and monkeypox (Patterson 2002). The infection causes skin rashes and causes mucus membranes to emerge. These rashes stay for about 12 days then the person infected then experiences 104 degree Fahrenheit fever, back pain, and vomiting. Three days later the rash will spread to the nose, mouth, forearms, throat, hands, and face (Ngan, 2011). Smallpox easily spreads through close contact. â€Å"Estimates of death rates resulting from smallpox epidemics range between 39% for the Aztecs, 50% for the Piegan, Huron, Catawba, Cherokee, and Iroquois, 66% for the Omaha and Blackfeet, 90% for the Mandan, and 100% for the Taino†¦ † (Halverson, 2007). Smallpox epidemics affected the life of many Native American tribes for hundreds of years. This is only one disease that had an awful effect on the Native Americans. Tuberculosis is also another disease that spread from the Old World to the New World. Tuberculosis, is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Paulsen 1987). The bacteria can attack any part of the body, but most frequently attacks the lungs. Tuberculosis of the lungs and throat is infectious. When a person with Tuberculosis coughs or sneezes, the bacteria spread into the air. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. When a person breathes in the bacteria, the bacteria settle in the lungs and begin to grow. The first major outbreaks of Tuberculosis among the native people of North America began in the 1880’s after they were settled on reservations. When Native Americans were required to live in small fixed huts, an epidemic began. As Native Americans were living to reservations their death rates from Tuberculosis increased rapidly. Bates and Stead give the death rates of Native Americans. â€Å"By 1886 the Tuberculosis death rate reached 9000 per 100,000 people. These rates are much higher than ever observed in Europe because the Native Americans lacked immunity to Tuberculosis and were weak in fighting off the bacteria† (Bates Stead, 1993). The Native Americans were being hit by disease after disease with the Europeans coming over and settling. Another disease that devastated them was the Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague is also known as the Black Death. Bubonic plague painfully causes swollen lymph nodes that appear around the groin, armpit, or neck (Halverson, 2007). The Bubonic plague had already devastated Europe by killing millions and after Europeans came to the Americas, the Black Death killed millions of Native Americans. The Columbian Exchange was a time when European nations sent explorers to the Americas after Christopher Columbus discovered the â€Å"New World†. The Americas were filled with new crops and foods that turned out to be very beneficial to the Europeans. The Europeans brought back staple crops like maize and potato that contain a large amount of nutrients. Other crops include capsicum pepper, plain vanilla, and coca. Each had their own way of helping the Europeans. A medicine that the Europeans took from the Americas was quinine. Quinine fought off malaria, which enormously benefited the Europeans because they were able to conquer lands that have malaria but not die from the disease. The Columbian Exchange benefited the Europeans, but it did not benefit the Americas. The Columbian Exchange brought many Europeans to the Americas. With many Europeans traveling to the New World, many diseases also came along. Diseases like smallpox, tuberculosis, and the bubonic plague resulted in the death of millions of Native Americans. These diseases even killed off many tribes completely. The Columbian Exchange proved to be beneficial to the Old World while devastating a lot of the New World. Andrews, Jean. 1992. The peripatetic chili pepper: Diffusion of the domesticated capsicums since Columbus. In Nelson Foster and Linda S. Cordell (eds. ) Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 81-93. Bates, Joesph H. , and William W. Stead. â€Å"Oregon Experience: White Plague. † TB Among Native Americans. N. p. 1993. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. Brockway, Lucile H. 1979. Science and Colonial Expansion: The Role of the British Royal Botanical Gardens. New York: Academic Press . Brooks, Jerome Edmund. 1952. The Mighty Leaf: Tobacco through the Centuries. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Bruman, Henry. 1948. The culture history of Mexican vanilla. Hispanic Ameri can Historical Review 28(3): 360-376. Christian, JL, Greger, JL. Nutrition for Living (4th Ed. ) Reading, MA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. 1994. Crosby W. Alfred. The Columbian Exchange Biological and Cultural consequences of 1492. Westport: Praeger Publishers 2003 Print Davidson, Stanley and R. Passmore. 1965. Human Nutrition and Dietetics. Baltimore: Churchill Livingstone. Duiker, William J. , and Jackson J. Spielvogel. World History. Belmont, CA:: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2007. Print. Halverson, Melissa Sue. â€Å"Native American Beliefs and Medical Treatments During the Smallpox Epidemics: An Evolution. † Native Americans and The Smallpox Epidemic. N. p. , Summer 2007. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. Ngan, Vanessa. â€Å"DermNet NZ. † Smallpox (variola). N. p. , 1 July 2011. Web. 07 Apr. 2013. Nunn, Nathan and Nancy Qian. 2009. The potato’s contribution to population and urbanization: Evidence from an historical experiment. NBER Working Paper 15157. Patterson, Kristine. â€Å"Result Filters. † National Center for Biotechnology Information. U. S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 2002. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. Paulsen, H. Jay. JSTOR. N. p. , Nov. -Dec. 1987. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. Rain, Patricia. 1992. Vanilla: Nectar of the Gods. In Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas gave the World (eds) Nelson Foster and Linda S. Cordell. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 35-45. Wood, Ethel. AP World History: An Essential Coursebook. Reading, PA: WoodYard Publications, 2008. N. pag. Print. How to cite Columbian Exchange: Europe and the Americas, Papers

Sex, Drugs, and Rock and Roll free essay sample

The rock and roll: American youth challenging sexual stereotypes During the sass, some Americans-?especially young college students-? challenged traditional notions of proper behavior. Encouraged by the decades prosperity, young people threw parties, drank illegal liquor, and danced new, sexually suggestive steps at jazz clubs. The sass saw a restless culture, spearheaded by Americas youth rebelling against the moral restrictions of past generations.After decades where a children directly married and entered adulthood the sass saw an emergence of a new group of people who were willing to push social norms, rebel against strict conservative values of their parents and shape culturally a relatively new society. The emergence of a youth culture was possible because of the rapid growth of sex, drugs and rock and roll; a time where conservative ideologies were imposed on liberal minds and a new rebellious youth society was born.The Sex: The flapper, one of the symbols of the sass, a new term used to describe a new group of young women who wore excessive makeup, drank, treated sex in a causal manner, smoke, drove automobiles and amongst everything discarded social and sexual norms. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex, Drugs, and Rock and Roll or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The typical flapper look was tomboyish and flamboyant: short bobbed air; knee-length, fringed skirts, draping necklaces; and rolled stockings (Merritt, 1275). The flappers behavior was considered outlandish at the time, as it redefined womens roles in society.These women began working outside of the home, thus challenging womens traditional societal roles; they advocated for womens rights and behaved in many circumstances like men. Although few women actually FLT this image, It was used widely In Journalism and advertising to represent the rebelliousness of the period. The flapper was portrayed In many Hollywood films and this new Independent women attempted to empower other women to do the same.The Introduction of flappers Into dally life through media allowed for Americans to be introduced to more liberal ways of thinking which allowed for the beginnings of the sexual revolution. Although all women were drawn to the rebellious ways of the flapper, many young urbanize women clung on to this new style of dress and behavior and further questioned American social norms about sex and the role of women outside of the home. In addition with new social thinking and activities came new social conventions. Most prominently among the youth of the sass, sex became far less taboo than it had been previously.The sexual revolution was a social outlook that challenged traditional codes of behavior which related to sexuality and relationships between women and men. This revolution took place throughout the western world especially In the united States from the sass until the rand sass. Many of the changes brought about through the sexual revolution developed Into new mainstream codes of sexual behavior. More and more of Americas youth both in films and advertisements, this led to an increase in pre-marital sex and the introduction of casual dating into society.This increase in sex amongst non-married out led naturally to the promotion of birth control, first with the condom, and secondly the birth control pill introduced in 1960 which allowed for women for the first time to choose if and when they wanted to become mothers (Twice, 153). These new methods of birth control brought with it changing ideas about women; female sexuality was less suppressed, skirt hems were worn higher, and makeup became more common. This change from a more conservative representation of women and men into a more risquà © depiction demonstrates a change in a societal and cultural outlook of what is acceptable.Jumping on this new more liberated bandwagon many companies depicted the new social norms in their advertisements Sex was more openly discussed and pre-marital sex more common; these new less traditional ideas about sex and sexual relationships was traveling fast across America to much dismay of the older more conservative generation. The TV, a device of ass communication along with other media outlets such as radios and magazines could broadcast information in a matter of seconds to millions of people; this large audience was broadcast ideas which transformed into social norms such as consumerism and sexual liberation.Sex and pre-marital relations were demonstrated in films, advertisements and talked about on the radio. People across the country were being introduced to these new less conservative ideas and a growing youth population was adopting these new values. Appendix A (a coke add from the sass) demonstrates the change in the way that women were portrayed in advertisements. The female character on the left from 1886 where she is fully clothed and proper, whereas the female character on the right from 1936, only 50 years later is dressed in only a bathing suit and is revealing much more skin.These advertisements demonstrated the change in society, through only 50 years what Americans deemed acceptable chang ed drastically and this is largely due to the sexual revolution started in part by Americas youth. The Drugs: Prohibition in the United States was a national ban, which made it illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport alcoholic beverages, went into effect from 1920 to 1933. Enforcement of prohibition, however, was sporadic, under funded and faced opposition in many northern states and cities. Bootleggers smuggled liquor from the West Indies and Canada, while saloons in every city provided alcohol illegally.Organized crime controlled the distribution of alcohol in major American cities, and gangsters such as AH Capons made a fortune while law enforcement officials often looked the other way. Capons income in 1927 was reportedly over $1 million, while the average Americans income was below $2,500 (Harding, 1275-1276). Once again the more liberal minds of American youth along with many northerners who were apposed to this amendment refused to abide by these laws. Many southerners believed that the only behavior associated with alcohol was mischief, fighting, gambling, and pre-marital sexual relations.The sass saw a growth of popular recreation, in part because of higher wages and increased leisure time. Mass rose in prominence as a source of news and entertainment, movies were an immensely popular leisure activity that children youths and adults alike all participated in and they all promoted the consumption of alcohol and tobacco (Gallant, 321). The ban on alcohol in America was lifted in part to attempt to restore economic prosperity during the great depression and in part to satisfy the desires of many liberal thinkers, northerners and youth who possessed a disregard for these institutional amendments.By the mid sass, when the consumption of alcohol was less taboo in the American society even Coca-Cola ads incorporated the use of their product with the sale and consumption of alcohol. Appendix B (coke add from the sass) demonstrates the willingness of Coca-Cola advertisers to associate their product with imported wines, and in later years Coca-Cola adds were associated with hard liquor stating that their product was mixable. The Rock Roll: The sasss marked amazing changes to th e already booming music industry, the introduction of the phonograph.This instrument allowed the distribution of music to flow much more freely, surpassing sales of both piano rolls and sheet music put together. The decade also marked the dawning of independent record labels which would in the latter part of the century spawn its own genre of music known as Indy. The two most popular form of music at the time was a typical ballroom style the bland boring song of yesteryear, but then a sound was heard by the masses of which they never heard, it came booming from the bayou of a New Orleans and it was called Jazz.Upon its first introduction to the masses Jazz was a commercial success until the public found out that it was typically written and performed by African American artists. Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, and Duke Longtime all well known African American Jazz artists preformed their upbeat melodies over the radio and in small bars giving a voice to African American culture and struggles (Barber, 17). In and era of which racism was still rampant it was very difficult for the adult public to accept the music not for what it was but for who performed it.Alas it came down to Americas youth who finding Jazz was similar in theory to their parents ballroom but tit a more upbeat beat which encouraged dancing , the teens rebelled against their pa rents clear cut bigot beliefs and began listening to it giving Jazz its true introduction into American homes in the late twenties. This was not the last time that teenage rebellion would give birth to new music trends . The sasss could easily be considered a time where rock and roll was truly born. The sasss bred an era of conformity men wore 3 piece suits day and night, women were stay at home mothers whos place was in the kitchen and children were to abide my their parents wishes to the letter. A booming economy and a booming population the United States all was well though they were completely unaware that there was a pending invasion from Britain which would change their country in ways they could never imagine. The British Invasion began in late 1962 introducing a true rock band to American youths, The Beetles.Banned from their own countrys airwaves by their government the Beetles music debuted in the United States in the summer of 1962 igniting teens with a almost immediately band from every home by its adult occupants it was at first official to listen to until several business would play rock music in their stores to attract younger peoples business . Establishments like Malt Shoppe became places of congregation for teenagers looking to get a taste of their favorite dr ink and a bit of good old rock and roll.Soon the fantod of Americas youth became hysterical lines of screaming fans would wait all day to get a glimpse of their favorite bands, young women swooning and fainting at the mere sight of their idols who were in their parents minds the least reputable characters to ever look up to, they didnt cut their hair, the wore strange clothes and poke all to freely, traits which soon would be inherent in the majority of all American teens.This Also Gave birth the idea of free thinking teens who for the first time picked up an instrument and began to play because it was deemed cool by the media, who rebelled not only against their parents particular views but the law, sit ins in parks, walk outs in schools and riots in the streets were Just the beginning of what appeared to be a very long decade, until finally it all came to a boiling point in the penultimate year of the sasss. Until finally in 1969 it all boiled over on a 600 acre airy farm in the town of Bethel, New York, Thousands of people flocked to see all of their favorite rock bands perform at what would come to be known as Woodstock, a festival that united for the first time in the history of the country people of every race, color, and gender all in one place for a single purpose, an event that would not be seen for nearly another 30 years (Opener et AH, 276-279).Showing truly the power of individuality which the youth of America possessed to not survive but thrive in a sea of conformity of which their parents had built around them proving to the world that it could be changed. You would hardly be able to see a Coca-Cola add after the mid sass which was not directly advertised towards American youth. It was geared towards the new generation, full of liberal values and ideas of consumerism; they were for the first time in the history of America the haves as opposed to the have onto.